Woodcock

The woodcocks are a group of seven or eight very similar living species of wading birds in the genus Scolopax. Only two woodcocks are widespread, the others being localized island endemics. Most are found in the Northern Hemisphere but a few range into Wallacea. Their closest relatives are the typical snipes of the genus Gallinago.

Description, ecology and use by humans
Woodcocks have stocky bodies, cryptic brown and blackish plumage and long slender bills. Their eyes are located on the sides of their heads, which gives them 360° vision. Unlike in most birds, the tip of the bill's upper mandible is flexible.

As their common name implies, the woodcocks are woodland birds. They feed at night or in the evenings, searching for invertebrates in soft ground with their long bills. This habit and their unobtrusive plumage makes it difficult to see them when they are resting in the day. Most have distinctive displays known as "roding", usually given at dawn or dusk.

All woodcocks are popular gamebirds; the island endemic species are often quite rare already due to overhunting. The pin feathers of the woodcock are much esteemed as brushtips by artists, who use them for fine painting work. The pin feather is the covert of the leading primary feather of the wing.

Species
The following species of woodcocks are extant today:


 * Eurasian Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola (large Eurasian range)
 * Amami Woodcock, Scolopax mira (endemic to islands in Japan)
 * Bukidnon Woodcock, Scolopax bukidnonensis (endemic to islands in the Philippines)
 * Javan Woodcock, Scolopax saturata (endemic to islands in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea)
 * New Guinea Woodcock, Scolopax rosenbergii
 * Sulawesi Woodcock, Scolopax celebensis (endemic to an island in Indonesia)
 * Moluccan Woodcock, Scolopax rochussenii (endemic to islands in Indonesia)
 * American Woodcock, Scolopax minor (large North American range)

Fossil record
A number of woodcocks are extinct and are known only from fossil or subfossil bones. Due to their close relationship to the Gallinago snipes, the woodcocks are a fairly young group of birds, even considering that the Charadriiformes themselves are an ancient lineage. Gallinago and Scolopax diverged probably around the Late Miocene some 10-5 million years ago.


 * "Scolopax baranensis" (fossil, Early Pliocene of Hungary; a nomen nudum)
 * Scolopax carmesinae (fossil, Early/Middle Pliocene? of Menorca, Mediterranean)
 * Scolopax hutchensi (fossil, Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Florida, USA)
 * Puerto Rican Woodcock, Scolopax anthonyi (prehistoric)