Saltator

Saltator is a genus of songbirds of the Americas. They are traditionally placed in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae) but now seem to be closer to tanagers (Thraupidae). Their English name is also saltator, except for two dark species known by the more general grosbeak.

Saltator is Latin for "leaper" or "dancer". Louis Vieillot applied it to this genus because of the heavy way the birds hop on the ground.

Classification
The saltators as traditionally defined are apparently neither monophyletic nor allied with the cardinals. As already noted over 100 years ago, they are a morphologically diverse group, encompassing generally robust and fairly drab nine-primaried oscines. The different species may appear more similar to grosbeaks, tanagers or even shrikes than to cardinals, and the patterns of their eggs are also conspicuously diverse. Altogether, the "genus" seems more like an assemblage of species brought together largely by seeming even less close to other groups than to each other, rather than by a very close relationship. More extreme cases of adaptive radiation exist in birds, but this process hardly ever occurs outside island groups like Hawaiian honeycreepers, vangas, Malagasy warblers or the famous Galápagos finches.

The latest comprehensive analysis of the genus was a 1977 study which today would not be accepted whole-cloth because it followed the phenetic methodology then in vogue but now considered outdated. Even in that study the case for Saltator monophyly was weak. Where Saltator species have been included in cladistic studies they appear to be related to various tanagers. If this is verified after a more thorough study, they would probably be transferred to this family. Preliminary work seems to support this, but for now they are best considered incertae sedis.

Species

 * Buff-throated Saltator, Saltator maximus
 * Black-headed Saltator, Saltator atriceps
 * Black-winged Saltator, Saltator atripennis
 * Black-cowled Saltator, Saltator nigriceps
 * Masked Saltator, Saltator cinctus
 * Thick-billed Saltator, Saltator maxillosus
 * Slate-coloured Grosbeak, Saltator grossus
 * Golden-billed Saltator, Saltator aurantiirostris
 * Black-throated Grosbeak, Saltator fuliginosus
 * Orinocan Saltator / Orinoco Saltator, Saltator orenocensis
 * Lesser Antillean Saltator, Saltator albicollis
 * Green-winged Saltator, Saltator similis
 * Middle American Saltator, Saltator grandis
 * Plumbeous Saltator, Saltator plumbeus
 * Streaked Saltator, Saltator striatipectus
 * Greyish Saltator, Saltator coerulescens

Belonging to Pipraeideini

 * Rufous-bellied Saltator, "Saltator" rufiventris: does not belong in this genus (related to Delothraupis and Dubusia), but remains here pending a solution to the problem.

Now in Saltatricula
Black-throated Saltator, Saltatricula atricollis