Skimmer
| Skimmers | |
|---|---|
| File:Rynchops diversity.png | |
| Black Skimmer, African Skimmer and Indian Skimmer | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Aequorlitornithes |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Suborder: | Lari |
| Family: | {{{1}}} |
| Subfamily: | {{{1}}} Bonaparte, 1838 |
| Genus: | {{{1}}} Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Rhynchopidae Bonaparte, 1838 | |
The skimmers forming the subfamily Rynchopinae the genus Rynchops are tern-like birds in the family [Sternidae]], formerly included in Laridae. The genus comprises three species found in South Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They were formerly known as the scissorbills,[1]
Description[edit]
The three species are the only birds with distinctive uneven bills with the lower mandible longer than the upper. This remarkable adaptation allows them to fish in a unique way, flying low and fast over streams.[2] Their lower mandible skims or slices over the water's surface ready to snap shut any small fish unable to dart clear. The skimmers are sometimes included within the gull family Laridae but separated in other treatments which consider them as a sister group of the terns.[3] The black skimmer has an additional adaptation and is the only species of bird known to have slit-shaped pupils.[4] Their bills fall within their field of binocular vision and enable them to carefully position their bill and capture prey.[5] They are agile in flight and gather in large flocks along rivers and coastal sand banks.[6]
Behaviour[edit]
They are tropical and subtropical species which lay 3–6 eggs on sandy beaches. The female incubates the eggs. Because of the species' restricted nesting habitat the three species are vulnerable to disturbance at their nesting sites. One species, the Indian Skimmer, is considered vulnerable by the IUCN due to this as well as destruction and degradation of the lakes and rivers it uses for feeding.[7]
Etymology[edit]
As in later editions of the works of Linnaeus, the correct spelling (from the Greek words ῥύγχος and ὤψ, together meaning "beak-face") should be rhynchops and this is often adopted. However, the misspelling rynchops was the one first published by Linnaeus and continues to be more commonly used.[8] Similarly, the gender of the Greek and Roman words is feminine and the genus was originally treated as such (R. nigra) but Rynchops is now usually treated as a masculine noun (R. niger).
Taxonomy[edit]
Species[edit]
| Species of Rhynchops in TiF order 3 species | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laridae sub. Rhynchopinae |
Rhynchops Linnaeus, 1758 |
Skimmer | TiF | ||
| Common names Species (author[s]) Image |
Length Weight Wingspan |
Status Distribution map |
Other links | ||
|
Black Skimmer Rhynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758 File:Black Skimmer.png |
File:Rhynchops-niger-dist-map.png <10,000 mature individuals Lower risk, LC 
|
IUCN[9] | |||
|
African Skimmer Rhynchops flavirostris Vielliot, 1816 File:African Skimmer.png |
File:Rhynchops-flavirostris-dist-map.png 10,000-17,000 mature individuals Lower risk, NT 
|
IUCN[10] | |||
|
Indian Skimmer Indian Scissors-bill Rhynchops flavicollis (Swainson, 1838) File:Indian Skimmer.png |
File:Rhynchops-flavicollis-dist-map.png 4,000-6,7000 mature individuals Endangered, VU 
|
IUCN[11] | |||
References[edit]
- ^ "scissorbill, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
- ^ Mariano-Jelicich, R; Favero, M.; Silva, M.P. (February 2003). "Fish Prey of the Black Skimmer Rynchops Niger at Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 31: 199–202. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- ^ Fain MG; Peter Houde (2007). "Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 35. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-35. PMC 1838420. PMID 17346347.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (help) - ^ Zusi, RL; D Bridge (1981). "On the Slit Pupil of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger)" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 52 (4): 338–340.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (help) - ^ Martin, G.R., Rojas, L.M., and McNeil, R. (2007). "Vision and the foraging technique of Skimmers (Rynchopidae)". Ibis. 149 (4): 750–757. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00706.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fusco, P.J. "Connecticut Wildlife." Connecticut Department of Environment Protection Bureau of Natural Resources – Wildlife Division. May–June 2006. Accessed 2009-06-29.
- ^ "Large dams and barrages are an increasing threat to wetland-dependent birds". BirdLife International. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
- ^ Amaral, A do (1967). "Comment on the gender of names ending in -ops". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 24 (1): 2.
- ^ "Rynchops niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ "Rynchops flavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ "Rynchops albicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links[edit]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rynchopidae |
- Skimmer videos on the Internet Bird Collection
|
This article is part of Project Bird Genera, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus, including made-up genera. |
| File:Wrybill.png | This article is part of Project Bird Subfamilies, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird subfamily, including made-up families. |
